WASHINGTON (AP) — The tax-avoidance strategies that President Donald Trump capitalized on to shrink his tax bill to essentially zero are surprisingly common among major real estate developers and other uber-wealthy Americans.
Yet Trump characteristically pushed those strategies to the limit, perhaps to the breaking point.
So say tax experts in the wake of a New York Times report Sunday that found that Trump paid only $750 in taxes in both 2016 and 2017 — and none at all in 11 of the 18 years that the newspaper examined.
"The things that Trump did are typical of wealthy businesspeople and particularly wealthy real estate developers,'' said Steve Wamhoff, director of federal tax policy at the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
Still, Wamhoff noted, Trump claims "the special breaks and loopholes that are available in the tax code and sometimes just takes them to a whole new level."
U.S. tax law has long been kind to big real estate developers. It allows them myriad legal loopholes and breaks that can significantly shrink their tax bills. The law became even kinder to them after Trump's Republican allies in Congress pushed through his $1.5 trillion tax overhaul, which took effect in 2018.
The Times reviewed Trump's tax returns for 2000 through 2017, so its report didn't capture the impact of the 2018 law. But Martin Sullivan, chief economist at Tax Analysts, said: "It is much easier now for a real estate developer to avoid taxes than it was five years ago.''
Even before the 2018 law, developers could claim losses more quickly and easily than other businesses — and more easily delay or avoid reporting profits to the Internal Revenue Service. Even if they fall behind on their debts, if their creditors forgive their debts, they face fewer tax penalties than other investors do.
Trump took full advantage of those tax breaks when he was unable to handle his debts on his failing Atlantic City casinos in the 1990s and early 2000s. Even so, experts say it's unclear whether all his actions were permissible.
"There are a lot of things that Trump has done that may exceed what is allowed by the law," Wamhoff said.
He noted that the IRS has raised questions about some of Trump's claims — in particular, a whopping $72.9 million federal tax refund that he sought and received and "business deductions for expenses that really look like personal expenses.''
The Times reported, for example, that Trump has claimed a 200-acre family retreat in Bedford, New York, as an investment, thereby allowing him to write off property taxes. And he has used what the Times called "unexplained'' consulting payments to reduce his business taxes. Trump even claimed $70,000 in hair styling expenses during his TV show "The Apprentice.''
Then again, said Sullivan at Tax Analysts, defining legitimate business expenses is typically a "murky'' issue.
Hair styling is a clearly a personal matter for an everyday office worker. But for a television personality, it would be a legitimate business expense.
Experts note that such outsize tax advantages for the most privileged businesspeople serve to widen the nation's economic inequality.
Economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman at the University of California, Berkeley, found that in 2018 billionaires faced a small burden than did the working class for the first time in 100 years: The richest 400 Americans paid an overall tax rate of 23% — including federal, state and local taxes — compared with 24.2% for the bottom 50%.
Wealthy families typically try to transfer some of their assets during their lifetime to ease the tax burden on their heirs, something they can do legally in a variety of ways. As assets go, real estate is one of the most flexible options.
That said, there's a fine line between tax avoidance and abuse.
A key provision in the 2018 tax law delivered a steep tax break for a kind of business set up by owners of profitable firms, including Trump and his family. The law allowed a 20% deduction against income taxes for businesses whose profits are taxed at the owner's personal income rate. They're known as "pass-through" companies because their profits are funneled into the owner's personal tax bucket.
Those businesses span a huge range, from the local florist and family-owned restaurant to law firms, hedge funds and privately held large firms — such as real estate companies and the Trump family's property empire.
Trump himself has owned about 500 entities structured as pass-throughs, according to his lawyers. This has made the Trump Organization less a single business than a grab-bag of units drawing on the fancier parts of the tax code: sole proprietorships and limited-liability partnerships.
Beyond wealthy individuals, the Trump tax law also made it easier for big corporations to avoid paying income taxes, now at a 21% rate. Despite making billions in profits, a number of them receive tax rebates exceeding their income tax bills, giving them effectively a negative tax rate. Some of the companies that have done this in recent years according to their public filings include Amazon, General Motors, IBM and Netflix.
Apple, the most valuable company in the world, has used the the tax code to avoid paying billions in U.S. taxes by deploying a complex setup involving subsidiaries in Ireland.
More recently, embedded in the $2.3 trillion pandemic rescue package speedily enacted in March is a tax break piggybacked onto the earlier break for "pass-through" companies. Experts say it helps mostly millionaires.
The new change in the tax code would deliver nearly 82% of its benefits to about 43,000 taxpayers earning more than $1 million yearly, according to an estimate from nonpartisan congressional tax analysts. And it would cost U.S. taxpayers $86 billion this year by reducing tax revenue captured by the government, the Joint Committee on Taxation calculated earlier this year.
Proponents of the new tax break insisted it was needed relief for small businesses in dire cash-flow straits because of the virtual shutdown of the U.S. economy. Smaller pass-through companies, though, may not be as well-positioned in their financial accounting to take advantage of the tax change as the giants.