ROME (AP) — San Marino needed medical masks. Badly.

The tiny republic, wedged next to two of Italy's hardest-hit provinces in the COVID-19 outbreak, had already registered 11 deaths by March 17 — a sizeable number in a country of just 33,000, and a harbinger of worse to come. So authorities sent off a bank transfer to a supplier in Lugano, Switzerland, to pay for a half-million masks, to be shared with Italian neighbors.

Next day, the truck returned empty. The company was refusing to provide the masks.

Said Dr. Gabriele Rinaldi, director of San Marino's Health Authority: "It was a very bitter lesson.''

It's not clear whether the mask supplier, who was not identified, refused to deliver because another customer offered more. But what is clear is that the oft-proclaimed solidarity among nations waging battle against the pandemic has been tested — if not shattered — by national and corporate self-interest.

A health official in France's hard-hit eastern region said U.S. officials swooped in at a Chinese airport to spirit away a planeload of masks that France had ordered.

"On the tarmac, the Americans arrive, take out cash and pay three or four times more for our orders, so we really have to fight," Dr. Jean Rottner, an emergency room doctor in Mulhouse, told RTL radio.

The U.S. Embassy in Paris on Friday insisted that no one from the federal government bought masks destined for France. President Donald Trump has suggested, however, that states get their own medical equipment to fight the virus, setting off a mad scramble among state officials.

A similar squabble followed a shipment of masks aimed for Berlin police.

On Friday, Berlin's top security official, Andreas Geisel, accused the United States of using "Wild West methods" after a delivery of hundreds of thousands of face masks destined for Berlin police was diverted to the U.S. en route from China. German media reported this happened as the masks were being transferred between planes in Thailand.

The U.S. embassy in Berlin didn't immediately comment.

France, meanwhile, has laid claim to supplies within its borders. In Lyon, inside the main southern European distribution facility of the Swedish medical supply company Molnlycke, were millions of masks that France was reluctant to let go for export.

"We recognize that France has imposed an export ban for face masks and this ban was just extended," said Jenny Johansson, the company's global manager for corporate communications. She declined to comment on reports that France ultimately allowed a million masks apiece to go to Spain and Italy.

"However, this is not only about France," she said. "We see government restrictions across most countries in which we are active."

The European Union, a bloc of 27 nations built upon open borders and markets, has tried to temper this national free-for-all.

The day after San Marino's health minister publicly lamented the rejected acquisition, Switzerland enacted an ordinance obliging companies to seek government authorization to export protective medical devices. But Swiss embassy political attache Lorenza Faessler noted that the ordinance specifically exempts the EU and several other countries in Europe, including San Marino.

The EU's internal market commissioner, Thierry Breton, told the Italian daily Corriere della Sera that progress had been made in dealing with exports of medical equipment by France, Germany and some other nations. He said at the moment only Poland and Slovakia were keeping the ban.

Meanwhile, Spain and Italy, which together account for a large share of the world's 54,000 coronavirus deaths, are increasingly taking steps to restrict the flow of supplies.

Four days after Italy's first COVID-19 case surfaced in late February, Civil Protection agency chief Angelo Borrelli banned any export of medical supplies unless he personally approved an exception.

As the daily number of infections in Italy grew dizzily, many nations blocked exports to keep their own medical supplies production within their borders, said Agostino Miozzo, director general of international relations for Italy's Civil Protection agency.

"We found ourselves in extreme difficulty in acquiring" medical supplies, he said.

Last month, Italian customs police seized some 800,000 masks and disposable gloves that were about to be sent to Switzerland.

Spanish Health Minister Salvador Illa has called China's medical supply market "crazy." Italy, like Spain, has taken to using planes to fly in masks and respirators from China and elsewhere, minimizing the risks that supplies will be diverted or seized by third countries.

The United States, which has twice as many infections as any other nation now, is also moving supplies like thermometers, gowns, masks and gloves via air bridge, notably from Asia and Central America, according to the U.S. agency FEMA.

Last month, Czech Foreign Minister Tomas Petricek, apologizing to Italy, said the Italians were being given 110,000 masks and thousands of respirators to compensate for those mistakenly seized in a raid on a warehouse in the Czech town of Lovosice.

The devices had been donated by China's Red Cross for the Chinese community in Italy. The raid had been launched to break up what Czech Interior Minister Jan Hamacek called an "immoral" scheme to jack up the prices a company was charging the Prague government.

And recently, Tunisia accused Italy of blocking a shipment of alcohol used to make hand-cleansing gel. Trade Minister Mohamed Sellini later backtracked.

"I didn't say Italy. I said it was hijacked at sea," the minister insisted, adding, "All of the European Union is living in a state of hysteria."

___

David Keyton in Stockholm, Bouazza Ben Bouazza in Tunis, Karel Janicek in Prague, Joseph Wilson in Madrid, Angela Charlton in Paris and Ben Fox in Washington, D.C., contributed to this report.

___

Follow AP news coverage of the coronavirus pandemic at https://apnews.com/VirusOutbreak and https://apnews.com/UnderstandingtheOutbreak.